How can Freud’s Psychodynamic model help me to understand and change my life?

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the father of psychodynamic therapy. His work built upon what had been done by Brewer before him. One of his patients Anna O labelled his method as being ‘the talking cure'*. During this essay I shall briefly explain Freud's main theories on the human personality and then examine how these can help me to understand and change my life. * An Introduction To Counselling. P80 Freud believed the human psyche is divided into three areas the conscious, preconscious and unconscious*. In the unconscious exists the Id. This is the instinctual life force within us. Two forces are at work within the Id, Eros a drive for love and Thanatos a drive for destruction**. In our day-to-day lives we are unaware of the effects our Id has upon us, Freud argues that hidden forces from the Id govern most of the things we want to do. The Id has no time dimension and memories trapped within it remain emotionally charged***. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P121 ** Teach Yourself Counselling. P121 *** Mastering Psychology. P242 The Ego helps to mediate between the Id and the outside world, known as the ‘reality principle'*. It is the part of ourselves, which enables us to fit into society. It takes on board social norms and lets the Id have its way when it will be practically possible and allowable by society. * Mastering Psychology. P242 From society and our parents we develop the Superego. This provides us with a ‘moral principle'*. It is basically the internalisation of parental and societal rules. The Superego is largely unconscious though we do become aware of certain thing when they move into the preconscious. * Mastering Psychology. P243 Through psychodynamic therapy I discovered that I had repressed many memories. I believe these were being stored in my unconscious. These memories were having a profound effect upon my life although I did not realise this at the time. I went through almost seven years of bullying when I was at school. When I left school and continued with my life I was always aware of this fact but I had lost many of the details over time and could not recall much about it. When I reached twenty years of age I developed clinical depression and had panic attacks. I was forced leave university with only six months left to completion. My home became my sanctuary and for a period of three months I did not leave it. Through many years of differing therapy I have begun to understand more about what happened within my mind to bring me to that point. The memories I had storied in my unconscious, though I was largely unaware of them, were distorting my view of the world. It was â€Å"frightening outside†; I could â€Å"get hurt if I left home†. These were not a realistic feeling about my current circumstances but were a reflection of the fears I had held during the time of my bullying. I was extremely depressed because I felt â€Å"useless†, â€Å"ugly† and that my life was â€Å"pointless†. Again I now feel that these thoughts grew from trapped memories. I had been called many names whilst at school; I had been treated very badly facing physical harm on a daily basis. I was treated as an outcast by nearly everyone; I was spat at, ignored, teased and put down. During therapy I began to see in my mind a monster. It was black with red eyes. I had often had nightmares involving such a creature. Freud regarded dreams as â€Å"the royal road to the unconscious†*. He placed great emphasis upon analysing them, and along with free association dreams became the centre of his psychoanalysis methods. Freud believed that dreams where a sign of the unconscious mind at work and proof that his theories were correct. * Freud – A Beginners Guide p25 & p57 Over time I realised that this monster contained all of the negative emotions other people had placed onto me. Even seven years after the bullying stopped this monster was still telling me I was useless and ugly and deserved no more than to be beaten up. Through therapy memories slowly began to emerge from out of the unconscious. It was very painful at first as the strength of feeling contained in the memories was so strong. Overtime these feelings have weakened, I still believe there are some buried memories but many have now risen out of my Id and have been largely dealt with in my conscious. I don't believe the monster has gone but I seem to have taken much of its power away. I believe my Ego is caught up in this tangled web as well. I feel that while I was at school I may have internalised some of the negatives messages into my Ego. In some ways my Ego stopped looking after me. Through psychodynamic therapy I have begun to rebuild my Ego almost teaching it that the things that happened to me were not my fault and that I do deserve to be looked after by myself, through my Ego. Freud divided a child's life into a number of differing developmental stages. Stage one is the oral phase*. Normally occurring between being born and around two years of age. It involves a discovery of your world and surroundings through the use of your mouth. Sucking to feed provides both nutrients and closeness with mother. Any available object will be tested by being placed in the mouth and explored that way. Mastering Psychology. P247, Teach Yourself Counselling. P123, An Introduction To Counselling. P81 Personally I have no memories of this period in my own life. It is thought though that people sometimes fall back into child like behaviour to receive comfort from these things. I smoke and therefore enjoy the aspect of putting a cigarette in my mouth and sucking it tending to do this most when stressed. Some people argue this is regressive behaviour and links back into my oral stage. The second stage occurs between the ages of two to four. Called the Anal Stage* it is the period when a child discovers that he/she produces faeces. Apparently the child then experiments with control. Being able to both let go and hold on to the faeces. Freud argued that if parents handle this stage of development badly a child could become afraid of letting go of things as they grew older or overly controlling. Teach Yourself Counselling. P123, Mastering Psychology. P247 The phallic stage* develops between the ages of four to seven. Freud argued that the genitals become the main interest or focus to the child during this period. It is also during this time that the Superego develops. This is the time when Freud's infamous Oedipus* and Electra Complexes* are said to occur. Teach Yourself Counselling. P124. Mastering Psychology. P247 Little boys will fall in love with their mother and girls with their father. Girls will develop penis envy and hate their mother for not giving them one. Boys will hate their father believing that he wishes to castrate them and stop them being with their mother. After this latency will set in, this period is believed to be the best time for children to learn. Then puberty starts and Freud believed that the whole process repeats itself thus enabling any damage incurred during the first time round to be repaired. I can imagine that during puberty these processes had a difficult time repairing any damage to me, as it was during this time that I was being bullied. I can't directly link any of this to the three stages but from experience I know that damage done during this time is far more difficult to deal with than damage done later in life when the personality is fully formed. In this final stage of the essay I shall examine four of Freud's ideas on how the mind copes with experiences it does not want to deal with, these are called defences. Freud listed over twenty-five differing defences created by the mind to protect itself. The first one I shall look at is repression. Repression is when memories are hidden in the unconscious. The Ego may not have been able to cope with the events attached to the memory and so stored them away where the person could not access them. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P183/184. Mastering Psychology. P245. This is sometimes known as Ego Censorship*. Personally this is one defence I feel I have had a lot of experience with. Most of my time at school was somehow lost. My two best friends, who were at school with me, would talk about fellow students, teaches and events involving the three of us and I would have no recollection what so ever of what they were talking about. * Counselling course class notes Many of the things that happened to me I only began to remember after they spoke about them. It was very strange, almost as if they were talking about people and places I had never been. It was quite a disconcerting experience. The experience would come into my conscious at sometimes though. Through dreams certain memories would come alive. If I was extremely depressed suddenly a dam would break and a flood of bad memories would pour on top of me and yet the next day I would not be able to recall what they were. Another defence is regression*. This is the idea that people sometimes return to behaviour linked with the developmental stages. This can involve many things including crying, taking to ones bed or comfort eating. As I said earlier smoking is also connected with this as it is seen as an oral behaviour. It is noticeable that many people including myself smoke far more when stressed. * An Introduction To Counselling. P84. Teach Yourself Counselling. P183. I do recall, at the time of my worst depression that I took to my bed, often lying in the foetal position and crying. It was comforting in some way. As if I was safer lying in my bed than having to be in the world outside. It reminds me of the time when at night I suddenly feel scared in the dark on the way back from the bathroom but I know when I get into bed and covered up again I will be quite safe. It is also quite possible from personal experience to deny painful events. Denial* is a term, which has become very mainstream; he or she is in denial. Looking back on my life I can see a number of times when I was living in denial. One of my partners who I was with for about six months was patently not for me. I knew this deep down but did not want to be alone and so I denied it. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P179. I continued in the relationship feeling more and more unhappy though not allowing myself to see the real reason, which I did actually know. Eventually the other person ended it and I was forced to deal with life without that partner. It did not take long to realise that I was much happier without them than I was with them but I had not allowed myself to see any possibility of a happy life without them in it. I think everyone has been guilty of displacement at one time in his or her life. Displacement* is when a person replaces the true object of their emotions with another. If someone is angry they may kick a door instead of kicking the person they are angry with. In a sense this defence can be seen as a very positive thing. The Ego allowing aggression out where it will do less harm all round. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P179/180 So during this essay I have briefly examined some of Freud's theories on human development and growth and thought about how these theories can help me to see my life in a different way. In some cases they already have as I have done psychodynamic therapy for some time now. Other areas of his theories leave me slightly baffled and cold, as they strike no resonance with me, though it may be argued that that's because I don't want them to.

The Baroque Period

The Baroque period happened between 1600-1750. The word â€Å"baroque† comes from the Portuguese word barroom which meaner â€Å"misshapen pearl†; it is a negative description of the elaborate and heavily ornamented music of this period. Baroque music forms a major portion of the classical music canon, being widely studied, performed, and listened to. Composers of the baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederic Handel, Antonio Vivaldi and George Philipp Telltale. The development of functional tonality happened during the baroque period.Functional analogy is the relationship between chords (cadences – perfect, imperfect, interrupted). This also led to elaborate ornamentations in music (e. G. Trills, structural, glissando). It changed the way we wrote music and new styles of techniques were invented. Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity of instrumental performance, and also established opera as a musical genre. An important techniqu e used in baroque music was the use of ground bass, a repeated bass line.Modes (Modes – Any of the eight scales of the medieval music, each extinguished by its ending note, its arrangement of pitches in intervals, and its range. ) were replaced by the major and minor key system (Diatonic scales). The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church. Opera's were fist composed in the Baroque period. The first opera was written in 1597, called ‘Deafen', and was composed by Perl. The first truly great opera was composed by Monteverdi in 1607, and was called ‘Refer'. The music heightens the dramatic impact.There was a lot of instrumental routinely (Italian for return, and meaner when a section returns). Before each verse of the aria (song), we hear an instrumental routinely. Here are some examples of operas overture's from different countries. Italy – Scarlatti operas often began with an overture in three sections: quick, slow, quick. This was the Italian Overture (an overture is an instrumental introduction to an opera). Scarlatti designed the arias in his operas in dad capo form, I. E. ABA. Another name for this is ternary form.France – Lully's operas began with a French Overture. Slow, quick, slow. This is the other way round to an Italian Overture Oratorios were also first formed in the baroque period. This is vocal music which at first was very similar to operas. (They had arias, choruses and recitatives) The main difference was that an Oratorio was based on a sacred story. Eventually oratorios ceased to act out, and were given musical presentation only. Handel's Messiah, Samson, Israel and Egypt are all Oratorios. Also in oratorios there was a passion.A assign is a special oratorio telling the story of Chrism's crucifixion. Besides recitatives, arias and choruses, Bach also included settings of chorales (German hymn tunes). During the Baroque period, the orchestra started to take shape. The string section became a self-contained unit. To this composers would add other instruments in ones and twos: Flutes, Recorders, Oboes, Bassoons, Horns, and occasionally trumpets and kettle drums. Monarchs/nobles employed composers because they wanted to show that they are richer than the others. The Baroque Period The Baroque Period The Baroque term comes from the Portuguese word barroom, which meaner misshapen pearl Jean-Jacques Rousseau defined baroque music as that in which the harmony is confused, charged with modulations and dissonances, the melody is harsh and little natural, the intonation difficult, and the movement constrained. The Baroque period was highly decorated and it reflects on the elaborate nature and complexity of the music compositions. Others have likened Baroque music to listening to multiple people having a conversation at the same time.Baroque music as also applied to other forms of fine art, including architecture It was thought to have started in about 1570 as the music of the Renaissance changed to a more Baroque style There is more agreement that the Baroque period ended at the middle of the eighteenth century. The Baroque music era was a period that witnessed many advances in knowledge and changes in culture. Protestant Reformation had changed the landscape of reli gion and theology in Europe. Europe had turned toward rationalism and humanism to guide policies and philosophy.The Baroque period is he first to be among the musical pieces that people today are generally familiar with. Characteristics of Baroque Music Composers and musicians during this time thought of themselves more as craftsmen than artists. They often made their living through patrons or individuals who supported them in exchange for their music. Patrons included not only the wealthy in society, but also the nobility and the church. The music of this period was often composed for specific circumstances, whether it was a party or a religious event.Some composers also worked as music tutors, composing easier compositions for heir students. Because of the deliberate and specific reasons for compositions, individual pieces were not generally thought of as great compositions that would be played over and over and have a lasting impact. The pieces that were like the improvised music we find in society today that unique pieces of music to be played, but not generally remembered beyond today. Figured Bass The music during this time was actually quite diverse and varied.Scholars often separate and categorize Baroque music into early, middle, and late Baroque music or into Italian, German, French, and English music. In both music and art of the period, artists were concerned with describing emotions and feelings. Figured bass- A musical notation using numbers to indicate chords, intervals, and other aspects in relation to the bass note of the music. Basso continuo- a harmony of the music, an instrument that was capable of playing chords played the basso continuo, such as a harpsichord, organ, or harp.The musician playing the basso continuo structure would play the bass note indicated in the harmony and then add in other notes on the chord as needed. The figured bass then helped the musician playing the basso Antonio by giving numbers under the bass note to indicat e which chords should be played in that spot. Ornamentation and Orchestras Ornamentation- the use of non-necessary musical flourishes, such as trills and grace notes, to the basic melody or harmony. Many composers used extensive ornamentation in their pieces. Grace notes are notes that are not counted in the total time value.Baroque music also tends to focus on one emotion in a single piece. The emotion that the piece is trying to capture or describe is the music's effects. Orchestras- larger instrumental ensembles or groups that contain brass, string, recursion, and woodwind instruments. Forms of Baroque Music Baroque music featured a number of different forms or types of music. Music scholars call the plan that a composer has in mind when composing a piece of form a form. Form helps to give structure to a composition, and composers often combined one or more forms of music as they created new types of music.Opera Poppers can be defined as a dramatic work in which singers and music ians use both a musical score and a text or libretto. Composers combined a broad comedy with tragic elements. The comedic operas come to be known as opera buff Opera series- A very stylized and puts a greater emphasis on the experienced and masterful singer. Oratorios- Similar to operas. They are concert pieces rather than a form of musical theater. They tended to be more serious and dramatic. They were large-scale compositions, including soloists, choirs, and orchestras.The Instrumental Suite Instrumental suite- A series of dances Prelude: This is a shorter piece that comes before the other parts of the instrumental suite. Allemande: This piece is a moderate tempo dance which derived from German dances. Originally, this was the first piece of the instrumental suite, but over time, the ruled took the first spot. Often regarded as a serious dance, the allemande was characterized by couples forming two lines and parading back and forth in the room. Current: This piece is a triple mete r, fast-paced dance.Literally, the word current meaner â€Å"running. † Serenade: This piece is usually a slow triple meter dance, slower and more grave than the original Spanish dance that it is based on. Segue: This piece is a fast dance in 6/8 time. Originating in the British Isles, it is somewhat reminiscent of the Irish Gig. Some compositions included additional pieces, such as some of the ones listed here: Hornpipe: This piece is a fast, lively dance. It is said to have been created aboard English sailing vessels and the movements are those that a sailor might do as part of his duties.Minuet or Minuet: This piece is one of the best known of the Baroque instrumental suites. The minuet is a social dance for a couple. Gavotte: This piece has a moderate to fast tempo. The dance is French in origin. Air or rare: This piece is simple and written for either instrument or voice. English lute Ares were popular in the court of Elizabeth I during the sixteenth century. Bourne: Thi s piece is played at a moderate to lively tempo. Handel often used a fast tempo in the pieces that he composed. Of French origin, the Bourne is similar to the Gavotte.Paean: This piece is a slower processional dance. Baroque Composers Claudio Monteverdi- His work serves as the point where Renaissance music ends and Baroque music begins. He was a transitional figure between the two eras, using characteristics of both musical time periods in his work. He also wrote one of the earliest operas. He was born in northern Italy and his early learning in music came about through his participation in a cathedral choir. His earlier pieces includes sacred madrigals He composed and published a book of this musical form.The Taboo Libra, was his eighth madrigal publication, and it is regarded by some to be the perfect example of this form of music His music is divided into different parts covering the themes of love and war. For many years he served in the court of Mantra At first he served as a m usician and singer, before becoming a court conductor Later in his life he became a priest and he continued to compose He died in 1643 Antonio Vivaldi- Is regarded by many to be one of the greatest composers during the Baroque period. His influences spread across Europe and he was well known for his instrumental concertos.One of the most famous violin concertos is The Four Seasons He was born in Italy in 1678 He was ill child but still managed to learn how to play the violin and began to study for the priesthood at 15 years of age. He became priest in 1703, when he was 25 years old. With the color of his hair he got the nickname â€Å"The Red Priest† Vivaldi At age 27, he published his first sonatas He was well known for working at an orphanage teaching the children there music ND composing works for them to play He created forms there and the forms included solo motets as well as large scale composition.In Venice he wrote several operas as well as â€Å"The Four Seasonsâ₠¬  It features the sounds of birds, running creeks, ice skating, storms,and winter fires. At the end of life he experienced financial issues and moved to Vienna, and became a pauper. He died in 1741 at 64 years old He died of internal infection His music is characterized as innovation and creativity J. s. Bach He composed music in many different forms, including both sacred and secular works.His works are mastery of the compositional techniques of the time, and many feature expressive melodies. He grew up in Germany, he was born in 1685 He family was all composed of musicians. He was orphaned at the age of ten and moved back in with an older brother before he got a scholarship to a music school at 14 years old Johann Sebastian Bach Graduated in 1703 He became the court organist in Whimper and later the choirmaster for Duke Wilhelm When he took a position at SST.Thomas Church he composed mostly religious works, including a few masses, even though Bach himself was ;Lutheran By 1749, Bach Egan to experience failing eyesight After the surgery, it didn't work so he ended up being blind after the surgery He died in 1750 at 65 years old from a stroke complicated by pneumonia Stages of his life Early work 1708-1717 Bach's organ music Middle work 1718-1723 Bach's instrumental works Late work 1724-1750 Sacred choral music His work was mathematically precise, his work had technical mastery that many other composers could only hope for.He tended to write down the basic notations on the melody, giving musicians and singer the ability to add embellishments of their own music. He tended to write out most of the notation in his scores. This gave him greater control over the complex textures and embellishments that he added to his music. He also tended to leave some of the instrumental notations more basic in his work, particularly some of the longer pieces.George Frederica Handel German born Known as best composer Born 1685 He began studying law, his father's profession Afte r his father died he gave up law and studied music 1704 He began working at Hamburg Opera house His first two operas were performed He was involved with the founding of the Royal Cad. Of Music in London In April 737, he experienced a stroke, but lost strength in his right arm but ended up recovering and performing again He died in 1759 and was buried at Westminster Abbey His accomplishments 42 Operas more than 120 cantatas, duets, and trios Conclusion In this module, we learned more about the music of the Baroque period.In doing so, we learned about some of the influences on Baroque music and the characteristics of Baroque music. We learned about several of the popular forms of Baroque music, including operas. Finally, we examined four composers who exemplify Baroque music and who helped to influence and direct the creativity of this time period. The Baroque Period The Baroque period originated in 1600 and ended in 1750 2. The Peterson is the estate of Peter the Great, in SST. Petersburg Russia. Bartholomew Reasserts models it. This building was key symbol of the era. 3. Baroque painters used various colors and deep shadows to create a rich texture this can be seen in the piece Rembrandt painted The Storm on the Sea of Galilee. 4. In the baroque period there was a intense dispute over religion.John Bunyan (1628-1688) was an English Protestant writer and a Astor. He is most famous for composing The Pilgrim's Progress. Another important Protestant writer of the time is John Gill. He was an English theologian who wrote A Body of Doctrinal Divinity in 1767. 5. Three famous baroque scientists were Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilee and Francis Bacon. Galileo Galilee was an astronomer and invented the telescope, Isaac Newton created the laws of motion and Francis Bacon invented the bacon method 6.An opera is a play where everything is vocally reduced alon g with orchestral accompaniment and incorporates many aspects of spoken theatre such as acting. An example is Jus Boggling and Robert Merrill, the pearl fisher's duet. 7. Music was used as entertainment at the courts of the nobility. Music was very scarce and was treated very valuably as there was no way of listening other than live music. 8. Baroque music in churches was sung by choirs, often with organs, wind string and percussion instruments complementing them. Most people were taught in orphanages to study and play music, although musical instruments were only for the rich and privileged The Baroque Period Opera – â€Å"drama presented in music, with the characters singing instead of speaking† Joseph German, p. 87): One cannot speak of Baroque opera without mentioning the name of Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643). Monteverdi has the distinction of being known as the first great composer in the genre of opera, as well as the last true madrigals of his time. He began writing his madrigals at a very early age and composed operas well into his seventies. Although much of his music has not survived to this day, one very important assistance did; The Coronation of Poppa.This opera is done in recitative style as well as aria. Recitative is when the characters half sing, half recite the words presented in an opera while being very careful to follow accents and rhythms of true speech closely. Aria is part in an opera which is penned for soloist and orchestra. The recitative is used to demonstrate plot action, dialogue, and other dramatic situations within an opera. Arias are used in an opera when elaboration of a piece is needed. The soloist can be more melodic, more consistent with the rhythm, clearer and better understood by the audience, and is usually accompanied by all of the orchestra.It gives the soloist great use of word-painting. This is a very notable Italian opera by Monteverdi as it is relating the adulterous liaison of Poppa and Nero which triumphs, although history records that the victory was hollow. It is also very notable because of its exquisite use of recitative and arias to tell the story. This is a great piece of secular composition for the era. Concerto – One of the â€Å"most important orchestral genres of sacred music during the Baroque era† Joseph German, p. 120) (the other being concerto gross). Concerto is the contrasting of the orchestra and soloist.This contrast pits the power (along with the stability) of the orchestra against virtuosity and vocal styling of the soloist. Three ways in which composers used concerto in orchestras during the Baroque period was through the various movements which they created in their music, the reiteration form which typically started off the movement, and the Baroque variation form which shows the Baroque need for predictable and structured movements. Movements essentially are sections of music which are self-contained but, are part of a larger piece.In multi-movement works, movements â€Å"will always show variety in meter, tempo, key, mood, and musical form† Joseph German, p. 121). The reiteration form concentrates on the contrast between orchestra and soloist. While the solo piece is faster and brilliant, the reiteration orchestral piece is heavier and forceful. Lastly, the Baroque variation form is the continuous, nonstop repetition of a single clear and precise musical unit, with changes that keep the audience interested without losing focus of the original musical theme. It should be further noted that Baroque variations have patterns.They tend to be resent over repeating bass patterns. These repeating bass patterns are called basso station. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) was the best of the best in concerto. His Violin Concerto in G demonstrates this clearly and evidently in its first movement. It is a triple-meter movement done in reiteration. There is a contrasting solo violin, virtuoso solo violin, then it becomes more expressive, then even freer, very fast, then he pulls it back in line at the end. It is a great representation of orchestra using the reiteration form.Oratorio – â€Å"an opera on a religious subject, such as an Old Testament story or the life f a saint† Joseph German, p. 144). This genre of music was the most operatic of any other religious music during the Baroque period. This a sacred genre of music. Oratorio is comprised of chorus, orchestra, and the all important solo voices. Also, oratorios were usually done without the benefit of scenery, costumes, or even acting for that matter. They were n ever stage as operas were, but had plots which were narrative, several acts, real characters, and action which was implied.The text of an oratorio is based upon scripture and takes over the operatic features of recitatives ND arias. However, it also uses the chorus which played little role in the Italian operas of the era. Most religious genres of the time were written for church services but, the oratorio was more like a second musical religious service in that it was primarily used as a form of entertainment instead of opera for religious services such as Lent. Since it was not intended for liturgical uses, oratorios could be performed in churches as well as concert halls.George Frederic Handel (1685-1759) was the one who popularized oratorios after Italian opera began to meet its demise. He was the composer of the Messiah which is still performed today and, can be noted that it is the only composition of that era that has continually been performed since its original appearance. The Messiah is a wonderful piece of oratorio, full of enjoyable nuances in the orchestral as well as the choral parts. It is those nuances which bring emotion to the theme redemption as well as the theme of salvation. It contains melodies of interspersed choral with soaring soprano solos mixed with, alto, tenor and bass.When you listen you will note that there are clear-cut melodies throughout, which alternate between the previously mentioned soaring notes and pomp and circumstances of nobility. It can be heard that brass plays a very great role in the orchestra. It is still one of the most famous classical pieces that exists. I believe this might be due to Handel's almost flawless use of oratorio form. Not typical of other oratorios, Messiah does not rely on characters to depict the story in recitative and arias, but the text is Biblical. This makes it a piece from the sacred genre but, a piece that has endured the ages and still delights the multitudes.

Term paper of Cyberpunk Film class Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Of Cyberpunk Film class - Term Paper Example Through the hacking activity, Neo, Anderson’s hacking alias makes acquaintance of Morpheus who told him that none of the things he knew is real. Everything and everyone is a victim of â€Å"The Matrix†, an artificial intelligence system that uses their brains and bodies for energy while creating an illusion of a real world. Morpheus and his team are looking for â€Å"The One† whom they believe is Neo. The Matrix is where the people exist in the movie. It is a computer-generated dream world, a false reality that is created for humans to hide the truth. The truth according to Morpheus is that the humans are enslaved by the artificial intelligence to provide them the energy like a battery. In the Matrix, Neo worked in Metacortex, a leading software company and worked as a hacker at the same time where he made acquaintance of Morpheus. However, Zizek (2002) described the Matrix as the â€Å"Lacanian â€Å"big Other†, the virtual symbolic order, the network that structures reality for us.† This â€Å"big Other† is the name for the social Substance, for all that on account of which the subject never fully dominates the effects of his acts, on account of which the final outcome of his activity is always something other than what he aimed at or anticipated (Zizek 244). The â€Å"big Other† in the movie is the existing Mega-Computer which controls the Matrix and that there has to be an existence of the Matrix to illustrate that there are things that seems to be out of place, opportunities that are missed and things go wrong (Zizek 245). According to Zizek (2002), there this no ultimate reality, instead, there are infinite series of virtual realities, another Matrix after the Matrix. According to Zizek (2002), this â€Å"big Other† also stands for the â€Å"field of common sense at which one can arrive after free deliberation; philosophically, its last great version of Habermas’ communicative community with its regulative ideal of agreement.† This idea of â€Å"big

E-Learning, the Possibilities of Replacing Traditional Learning Dissertation - 1

E-Learning, the Possibilities of Replacing Traditional Learning - Dissertation Example This dissertation is intended to find the possibilities of replacing traditional learning with E-learning .Such study is important in order to find or know the more suitable learning environments for the students and what skills they need in order to fulfil the E-learning course they are taking. Also, to know what are the advantages and disadvantages that the student believes that may affect his/her E-learning course, and do they have the responsibility and the self motivation to complete there on line course or assigned target within the specified time window. A survey was conducted with 22 questions to investigate the possibilities of totally replacing E-learning with the traditional classroom learning. The results reveals that some of the students are unfit in such kind of learning techniques as they do not have the kind of self-obedience to gain knowledge by mean of internet. It is also essential for the e-learners to obtain some kind of e-learning guidance before undertaking the course to avoid issues related with the technology. The findings from this dissertation provide evidence that although E-learning can be at least as effective as traditional classroom learning under certain situations, we are not in a position to claim that E-learning can replace the traditional classroom learning. ... requires more maturity and self-discipline from students than traditional classroom education, which may explain the higher dropout rates in e-learning programs compared to conventional programs. Nevertheless, we believe that e-learning is a promising alternative to traditional classroom learning, which is especially beneficial to remote and lifelong learning and training. In many cases, e-learning can significantly complement classroom learning. E-learning will keep growing as an indispensable part of academic and professional education. Key Words: e-learning, online course, traditional learning, environment, motivation, teaching and learning. Introduction Besides the technological development and boom in internet services and courses, traditional learning is still prevailing and students opt for traditional learning over the e-learning. The present study highlights the advantages of e-learning courses over the traditional learning process. The arrival of information technology, has made life easier and communication is on the fast track. It has eliminated the distances and thus one can utilize time to learn various other subjects that are beyond the scope of books. It is a convenient way of teaching and learning as it could be carried out in the classroom or outside the class. According to Fry (2000), "Delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and a range of other knowledge collection and distribution technologies". According to Wild, (2002), "The creation and delivery of knowledge via online services in the form of information, communication, education and training". According to Bleimann (2004), "e-learning is a self directed learning that is based on technology, especially web-based technology, thus e-learning is a collaborative learning".

Organizational structure and design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational structure and design - Essay Example Organizational structure refers to the division of labor and the methods of coordination, communication, work flow, and power-sharing that exist in an organization. It is the formal arrangement of jobs within an organization. An organizational structure reflects the organization's culture and power relationships. Organizational design is the process of creating and modifying organizational structures. Organizational structures are frequently used as tools for change. Structures establish new communication patterns and align employee behavior with the corporate vision. The two fundamental processes or ingredients in organizational structure:Coordination: When groups divide work among themselves, it is required to co-ordinate their efforts towards the same objectives. Coordination is achieved through various mechanisms like informal communication, formal hierarchy and standardization.Span of control refers to the number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently managed by a s upervisor. The span of control has an inverse relationship to the number of layers of hierarchy. The presence of informal communication and standardization can widen the span of control by reducing the need for direct supervision. A wider span of control is ideal when employees perform similar tasks or when the work teams are self-directed and possess specialized knowledge. It helps in reducing overhead costs and puts the top management in direct contact with the needs of the customers. Larger organizations that depend on hierarchy for coordination develop taller structures. 2) CentralizationCentralization is the concentration of decision-making activities around a particular location, generally the top management. In a small organization, the founder takes most of the decisions himself but as the organization grows, organizations tend to become decentralized and decision-making authority is spread throughout the organization. 3) Formalization Formalization is the degree to which jobs within an organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behaviour is guided by rules and procedures. A low degree of formalization means that there are fewer restrictions on how employees do their work. Formalization exists in old companies and large organizations, and is encouraged by external influences like government safety regulations and strict accounting practices. Formalization increases efficiency but may reduce organizational flexibility in case of a non-routine situation which requires customized action. Mechanistic and organic structures McDonald's has a mechanistic structure, which means that it has a rigid and tightly controlled structure, and is characterized by a narrow span of control and high degree of formalization and centralization, and hence all tasks are well defined and can only be altered with the permission of the top management. A company with an organic structure is highly flexible and adaptive, which is characterized by a wide span of control, decentralized decision making, little formalization and an open communication network. An organic organization has a fluid team-based structure, in which the tasks vary according to the needs of the situation. Thus, a mechanist structure is only suitable in stable environments with routine tasks. 4) Departmentalization Departmentalization, also called the organizational chart, specifies how employees and their activities are grouped together. Hence, it is the process of grouping activities into departments. Division of labour creates specialists who need coordination. This coordination is facilitated by departmentalization. There are five types of departmentalizati

The Columbia History of American Television Assignment

The Columbia History of American Television - Assignment Example The silent generation children grew in complex situations caused by wars and economic hard ups. America suffered the most during the economic crisis in 1929 to 1939 called the great depression. Many American nationals lost their property and possessions starving on the streets as the employment rates reduced by 24 percent being unemployed (Gary 208). Popular culture allows people with different opinions styles to relate and identify homogenously and collectively. It serves a critical role in the society as it unites groups on ideas of acceptable forms of behavior. Popular culture comes from the developments of range activities such as modern music, cyberculture, print, entertainment, advertising, and television. Video and television popular culture influence the advancement of the silent generation Era in different perspectives. The increase of the middle class and urbanization is the foundation of the famous culture leading to the industrial revolution. The baby boomers are the initiators of the generational evolution by their arrival leading to the demands for housing, cars, and roads mostly aged between 47 to 65years. The Generation X years range from 31 to 46 and is an in-between generation consisting of the first-generation dual income families. They experience the impacts of the end of the cold war, the fall of the Communism and the dismantling of the Berlin wall. The development of the MTV and rise of the internet, technology enlightened them to be tech savvy and entrepreneurs. The current generation is the millennial generation with ages from 18 to 30 who have grown in an environment of unrest and increased security after post-September 11 world. Social and political trends promote the age differences in political attitudes and voting choices in the election cycles.  

Economics and Health Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics and Health Care - Research Paper Example Cost-minimization techniques, for example, can be used to select the method that uses the minimum resources to produce a certain health outcome. In addition, cost-utility analysis helps hospital management and doctors to evaluate treatments on the basis of â€Å"utility-based outcome units.† Implications of Poor Health Care System As economics mainly deals with market economy concerns, applying those principles to health care while ignoring the differences between health care and traditional consumer goods can lead to certain economic and social problems. Friedman (2013) has identified some of the weaknesses of the American health care system which can help to illustrate the impact of economics on health care systems as well as the costs of a poorly functioning health care system on society. The Medicaid system is an integral part of the American health care system. Since 1960, it has provided affordable health care to many Americans who could not afford it. Insurance companie s have also contributed much by reducing the costs of health care significantly for consumers. However, Friedman (2013) states that the American health care system is not as efficient as many claim it to be. Some of the so-called reforms to the health care system reflect misunderstanding of economic forces by policymakers. Friedman (2013) argues that current reforms are transferring a greater proportion of the health care costs from the insurance companies to those who need health care, with the effect that the consumer will become increasingly price-sensitive and quality health care will become beyond the reach of many Americans. This move is founded on the misplaced notion that insurance coverage encourages people to consume more health care services than they really... This research paper outlines the particularity of applying basic principles of economic to health care. Economics is a social science that seeks to explain how society allocates its scarce resources to satisfy the demand for goods . Howewer, health care is different from conventional goods and services There are a number of ways in which health care may be regarded as an economic good. There is an absence of a â€Å"market price† that is determined by the interaction of demand and supply forces in health care Economic principles can be used to ensure that equal use of health care services is provided to people with equal health care needs Measures such as cost-minimization analysis, cost effectiveness, cost-utility analysis and cost-benefit analysis can be used to maintain high levels of efficiency in the health care system. Friedman identified some of the weaknesses of the American health care system which can help to illustrate the impact of economics on health care systems as well as the costs of a poorly functioning health care system on society the Obamacare reforms have become controversial mainly because of the increased costs of providing federally subsidized insurance plans to consumers Hospital administrations in collaboration with insurers and other stakeholders have developed a host of statistical tools to monitor and evaluate the efficient of health care processes. There exists a statistical tool that compares whether individual physician treatments are more efficient compared to physician teams administering treatments. This tool is used to determine, for instance, whether solo physician treatment compared to group physician treatment may be more effective at reducing the number of patient visits to the physician

Instructional leadership and Curriculum Assignment

Instructional leadership and Curriculum - Assignment Example The comparison holds true both for the student in the same school and in different schools. The implication of this fact may be lack of proper access to relevant resources by the poor students. The race of student also affects the curriculum and schooling. There is an observation that the African-American and the Latin America students performs poorly than the Native American students. The white students technically shows higher comprehension of science subject, have a higher comprehension ability and are basically brighter than both African and Latin America students The social class is also major factor in schooling and curriculum. For instance, different teachers, specifically music teachers holds themselves in a higher social class than the other teacher. They view the subject as already standard and thus no need to further standardize it (Carnoy, Elmore, & Siskin, 2003). In comparison of the Urban District Schools and other school, the urban schools have raised test scores as compared to the other schools. The effect is increase in the number of school drop outs in such schools. The consequence of such is evident, for example, in New York and Texas. In order to contribute to the positive and upward achievement of all students, the districts should embrace and fully comply with the standard based accountability policy that takes into consideration the potential of students from secondary schools (Porter, Polikoff & Smithson, 2009). Porter, A. C., Polikoff, M. S., & Smithson, J. (2009). Is there a de facto national intended curriculum? Evidence from state content standards. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31(3),

The Social Factors Influencing Consumer Decision Essay - 1

The Social Factors Influencing Consumer Decision - Essay Example Similarly, the purchase situation also has an impact upon the consumer decision making procedure (South-Western College Publishing, 1997). Hereby, the main objective of the report is to critically discuss the role of internet upon the five stages of consumer decision making process and how internet assists the consumers in their ultimate decision regarding purchase. The first step of the consumer decision making process prompts all succeeding activities. The consumer is bound to fill the gap that exists between the actual state and the desired state when the person’s threshold regarding the problem awareness is reached. It is the external as well as the internal factors that assist in triggering the problem recognition in such cases. In traditional markets, conventional marketing communication increases the demand by means of conventional media such as advertisements made on the television. However, the internet as a medium tends to be comparatively new and therefore novel forms of communication is required. Computer-mediated environments facilitate recognition of the individual needs (Amazon, 2012). In the context of consumer problem recognition, it becomes quite significant for the internet marketers to acquire the consumers in the initial stage. The marketers with the assistance of the databases related to the consumer information are in a good position to identify and predict the requirements of the customer. Amazon.com can be considered as one of the good examples of online business that intends to narrow the service gaps so that the customers demand can be satisfied. When the consumer begins to shop at Amazon’s online store, Amazon tends to comprehend their expectations.

Editi a paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Editi a paper - Essay Example First, living abroad might destroy a person`s mother tongue. The other factor is abandoning the language. It is a known fact that a the surrounding environment significantly influences affects the process of language acquisition of a language. When a child`s parents move to another country for specific purposes, the child will is likely to acquire the other country`s language. When living abroad there is a big chance that people lose their language to some degree. Such instances of losing one’s own mother tongue on account of migration are quite common. Some might lose everything about the language and others might lose some skills such as writing formally or speaking properly. However, the degree of loss is relative; some may completely forget their mother tongues or their first language while others may retain parts of it. In cases where the migrants practice their traditions in their adoptive country, they are far more likely to retain their first language and acquire the second one, i.e., the language widely spoken in the foreign country to which they have relocated. Some fam ilies try to keep their traditions by using their native language abroad. In other meaning, when they speak to a family member they use their native language and by this way they maintain the language. Throughout the history we have seen witnessed instances and / or read about people who lost their language because they did not use it anymore. They lived abroad and started using and learning the host country`s language. I have two friends who were born in the United State and spent six years in the US. They came back to Saudi Arabia and enrolled in school at the age of six and at that time there were no English subject taught in elementary schools. When they were By the time they attained the age of 12 at the age of 12, they have had forgotten most of their acquired language i.e., English and they struggled to learn the language and found it extremely

Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay A psychiatric or psychological disorder is a disorder of psychological function severe enough to warrant treatment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Schizophrenia, emotional disorders, Anxiety and Tourette’s syndrome are all classified as psychiatric disorders. The distinguishing line between neuropsychological disorders and psychiatric disorders is quite thin. Though the two types of disorders are a result of a dysfunctional brain, the malfunctions which create psychiatric disorders remain undefined. Psychiatric disorders are often linked to environmental factors as well as dysfunction of the brain. As psychological research advances, treatments and a better understanding of psychiatric disorders comes to bear. The term schizophrenia means a psychic break or â€Å"splitting of psychic function†. (Pinel, 2007). The NIH National Library of Medicine web site defines schizophrenia as having five different categories: catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated. (NIH National Library of Medicine, 2008). Each category of the disorder has a specific set of symptoms that is mostly unique to that category of the disorder, but schizophrenia in general creates a delusional picture of reality which disrupts the person’s behavior, logic and emotions. A good example of schizophrenia and the related dissociative disorders are the movie Sybil or the more recent film A Beautiful Mind, and another fine example is the television show United States of Tara. Both movies and the Showtime network’s series depict the lives of a person suffering with schizophrenia or dissociative disorders. Neuroleptics and antipsychotic drugs are known to alleviate symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Clozapine is a type of neuroleptic that does not produce side effects like those associated with Parkinsons disease. The medication is known to cause blood disorders. Neuroleptic medication is used to block the dopamine receptors though it takes time for the drug to lessen schizophrenic symptoms. Though neuroleptics help schizophrenics, only certain patients do benefit from the relief these drugs can offer. Schizophrenic patients suffering from hallucinations and incoherence react to the medication; however; schizophrenics suffering from cognitive defects are not affected. The NIH National Library of Medicine web site mentioned atypical antipsychotics have proven to treat symptoms for schizophrenia  with few side effects and is the best option for those suffering with schizophrenia. (NIH National Library of Medicine, 2008). A surgeon in the 1950’s and early 1960’s used a drug called chlorpromazine on patients to alleviate swelling prior to surgery. The doctor noticed that the medicine acted as a calming agent and recommended chlorpromazine to relax hard to control psychotic patients. Chlorpromazine did not assuage the symptoms of psychosis, but the medicine showed potential for easing some symptoms in schizophrenic patients. During the research process the side effects of chlorpromazine which are symptoms of Parkinsons disease were evident. Researchers concluded that people suffering from Parkinsons disease die from a minute level of dopamine. Schizophrenics display a high-level of dopamine. Therefore Parkinsons and Schizophrenia seem to be on the opposite end of the spectrum. A breakthrough emerged in the dopamine theory with Carlsson and Lindqvist. The duo studied the Chlorpromazine in relation to schizophrenia and revised the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine was found to block dopamine receptors instead of the original theory of reducing dopamine levels. Therefore, the duo concluded through research that schizophrenia was  not due to high-levels of dopamine, but with over activity at the dopamine receptors. (Pinel, 2007). Emotional disorders are another form of a psychiatric disorder. Emotional disorders include: bipolar disorder, depression, and mania. Depression is classified as a state of unbearable sadness. At some point in a persons life one will encounter a period of depression due to a tragedy such as loss of a loved one, poor health, or a series of bad luck. However, most people will break through the grip of depression and return to a normal life. Those with depression have a hard time seeing anything in a positive light. Depression ruins relationships at work and in the home; the disease also takes over the person making it difficult to engage in a normal day-to-day routine. Mania is the opposite of depression and is linked to high energy and impulse. A person suffering from mania appears to be full of energy or â€Å"hopped up† on energy drinks like Red-Bull and caffeine; they are filled with such enthusiasm, have boundless energy and talk fast. Though it sounds like an exceptional  thing to be constantly in a good spirits there is a negative side to the disorder. Impulsiveness is a part of mania and many suffers act on impulse not thinking before they do anything. The end result is unfinished projects, bills that cannot be paid, and relationships ruined. A person who suffers from manic episodes and depression episodes is diagnosed with bipolar disorder. There are two theories created to explain the causes of emotional disorders. According to Pinel (2007), The monoamine theory of depression holds that depression is associated with under-activity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. It is based on the fact that monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, and selective norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors are all agonists  of serotonin, norepinephrine, or both. The second theory is Diathesis-Stress model. The second theory focuses on genetic predispositions of a person as well as environmental factors that influence the disorder. This means that people who have stress early on will overreact to stressful situations later in life in turn causing depression. (Pinel, 2007). There are four types of medicine used to treat emotional disorders. Iproniazid is a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) initially used to treat tuberculosis but failed. On the contrary the patients did not have as many depressive thoughts about the illness. Iproniazid has severe effects when combined with tyramine rich foods. Imipamine is a tricyclic antidepressant which has proven to be more effective than MAOI’s. The next medication is Lithium which was shown to alleviate symptoms of mania. The discovery was made when a researcher tested guinea pigs and the results proved to calm them. Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in bi-polar patients since it blocks the patient from transitioning between extreme highs and lows. The fourth medicine used more commonly in recent years is selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The most common of the SSRI’s are Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil. The SSRI’s are reported to have few side effects and are able to treat multiple disorders. (Pinel, 2007). Anxiety is chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat. (Pinel, 2007). Anxiety is accompanied by rapid heartbeat, heavy or difficulty breathing and high blood pressure. There are five  types of anxiety disorders including: general anxiety, phobias, obsessive compulsiveness, panic, and post traumatic stress disorder. Theories involving anxiety disorders presume the amygdala has a role in anxiety disorders. The brain’s involvement in anxiety is cloudy at best since each patient tested shows different results. (Pinel, 2007). Benzodiazepines and serotonin agonists are the most effective medications used to combat anxiety. Valium and Librium are two of the most commonly prescribed medications, though they tend to make the patient drowsy. The medicine is  also known to be highly addictive and is recommended only for short-term usage. Buspirone is a serotonin agonist which relaxes the body and causes sleepiness. (Pinel, 2007). Tourette’s syndrome is known for involuntary movements or sounds known as tics. The Cedars-Sinai web site notes that the tics can vary from body movements and vocal tics. The tics can be a little as involuntary eye blinking or more noticeable yelling of obscene words or phrases. Little is known as to the cause of Tourette’s, however there is speculation that the limbic cortex, association cortex and thalamus are connected to the disorder. (Pinel, 2007). With the cause still a mystery there is no cure for Tourette’s, but though counseling, relaxation therapy and hypnosis healthcare professionals can help treat the disorder. (Cedars-Sinai. 2008). Psychiatric disorders vary in many ways. Schizophrenia affects the brain and causes hallucinations, emotional disorders affect a persons mood in extreme ways, and anxiety causes fear and health issues, while Tourette’s causes tics ranging from subtle to severe. Over time psychological advances in research and treatment have been made allowing professionals in the field to effectively treat each disorder. References CEDARS-SINAI. (2008). Tourettes syndrome. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from http://www.csmc.edu/5540.html NIH National Library of Medicine. (2008). Medical Encyclopedia: Schizophrenia. Retrieved June 9, 2009, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000928.htm Pinel, J. P. J. (2007). Basics of Biopsychology. Boston, MA. Allyn and Bacon.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Today doing business is no longer a matter of creating the best products or making the most profit, it has developed to a matter of how? Due to scandals including child labour, poor working conditions and neglect of safety and health regulations, companies worldwide have been forced to revaluate their moral and ethical standards. Consumers are now caring about much more than just the product, which compel companies to monitor manufactures, secure labour standards and to be aware of the environment. This new phenomenon is called Corporate Social Responsibility or by its shortening CSR. Some companies like HM or Zara have rejected to be involved in CSR. Others have taken CSR to a whole new level. Nike Inc. has during the past years not only followed the recent development within CSR but the apparel mastodon has also evolved to be a role model. Nike has as many other companies renewed their supply chain and methods of manufacturing. Their newest motto â€Å"Innovative for a better world† describes their efforts at the most, but their new system of ranking manufactures, their Materials Sustainability Index that provides designers with information on the potential environmental impact of the products they use, recycling program of old shoes and their new manufacturing process of their recent shoe â€Å"Flyknit† with minimal waste speaks for it self. Nike has with these investments proved they are willing to â€Å"Innovate for a better world† but how does it affect Nikes marketing environment and will these investments comply with the overall concept: Making money? Nike is market leader within athletic products worldwide and is considered the 26th most powerful brand by Forbes. The athletic brand has an annual turn over on 21.8 billion dollars and spends 2.7 billion dollars on advertising every year. The importance of Nike is not to be mistaken. Therefore their latest investments in CSR are a huge boost to the issue. Many huge companies such as HM and Zara have rejected to invest in CSR although their have been numerous scandals of poor working condition and child labour, which shows not all companies are willing to invest in sustainability and social causes. Nike has actually been involved in such  scandals, but denied all accusations. Nike has however with these new methods shut up all the critics. The company has been known for innovate shoes and closes to new standards and has used their strength in innovation to create new business methods: â€Å"Our vision is clear: to help NIKE, Inc. and our consumers thrive in a sustainable economy where people, profit and planet are in balance† . Nike is, according to this quote, trying to accomplish the almost impossible and create a win–win situation for the company it self and its marketing environment. But is this possible? I believe so! They have created better work conditions for employees of their manufactures because of the pressure Nike has put on theme. Nike rate the manufactures with gold, silver and bronze medals and have set the goal of all manufactures should have a bronze medal by 2020. And although Nike has made huge investments in innovating their products to new manufacturing and product standards with focus on low environmental damage and a lot of recycling and therefore probably raised their prices, consumers actually stand by Nikes new methods although raised prices usually do not get the approval of the average consumer. Nikes revenue has increased from 18,528 million dollar in 2009 to 25,313 million dollar in the fiscal year of 2013. This could be caused by the increased prices of their products but Nikes return on invested capital has followed the same development and has increased from 17.8 % in 2009 to 23,8 % in the fiscal year of 2013. What is more, all this is accomplished during a very difficult financial period, which only gives Nike extra credit. Furthermore Nike is increasing the competitive situation when they implement other competitive parameters than just product or price. Nike is also forcing the consumers to make a choice: Cheap products manufactured by brands, who do not have the same CSR – profile as Nike and therefore do not care about sustainability, the environment or employees of the manufactures, who often work under poor conditions and put their lives on the risk every day, just to make some close or Nike who are trying to do the right thing and change these things. I am a big fan of Nike’s new manufacturing methods! They seem to have made  the impossible and made a win – win situation. They keep innovating new clothing and shoes, which becomes popular the moment it hits the market. And they accomplish this wonder contemporary with investing in better work conditions, sustainability and low environmental damage. Additionally they keep improving their accounting figures, even in difficult financial times! Absolutely amazing in my opinion! B: Blog Then it happened again. A huge company forgot to do their research properly. We have seen it before when the Japanese car manufacturing giant Mazda named their car â€Å"MR2†, which means faeces in the French language or when Warner Brothers named their new big movie wonder â€Å"Free Willy†, which is not the nicest word in the British language. This time it was the American athletic brand Nike, which released their new shoe â€Å"Black and Tan† close to St. Patrick’s Day. It was a tribute to the huge beer brewery Guiness, which also inspires the shoe, which includes an illustration of a beer in the sole. Usually that kind of shoe would have been popular among the beer loving Irish people. But Nike’s marketing people forgot one thing: The Black and Tan was a violent British paramilitary, which ravaged the Irish independence wars and among this the atrocities of Bloody Sunday. Not a name you want to use for a shoe honoring the Irish peoples most favo rite company. And Nike has experienced the consequences of the mistake. Nike has put a lot of money into innovating and advertising the shoe, which only makes the fault bigger. Some simple research or a Googling of â€Å"Black and Tan† could have averted the problem. Nike has now made a shoe to tribute Guiness that they cannot sell in Ireland. It may have ruined Nikes reputation and brand in Ireland and it has cost Nike million of dollars in manufacturing the shoe and may even cost billions of dollars in losses of future sales in Ireland. Hopefully Nike and other companies have learned their lesson and in the future understand the importance of cultural research.

Factors affecting customer perception of Nestle in Pakistan

Factors affecting customer perception of Nestle in Pakistan Research Paradigm: My research is qualitative as well as quantitative. The major portion of the research is qualitative as most of the data is non-numeric, used in theory building, having small sample size and the results are not generalized. The assessment of income levels are covered under quantitative paradigm. Basic information is qualitative in nature but I have operationalised all the variables to measure them quantitatively. I have measured the scores using nominal and ordinal scales. E.g. for measuring the scores of customer perception i have used the Likert scale where score ranges from 1, indicating strongly disagree , to 5, very strongly agree. Therefore in mine research both approaches are moving side by side. My research is deductive as i have stated the problem statement initially and then have broken down the statement into parts research questions. i selected the sample size of 18 and have made a sampling framework and questionnaire, collected the data and analyzed it using SPSS and qualitative methods and have made conclusions. It is interpretive research as i have taken samples data and then interpret it according to peoples thinking, knowledge and preferences, this suggest more flexible approach to data collection. The research is non-experimental as i did not focus on the control or focus group. i have conducted the research for existing group i.e. Social Economic Classes. The survey is conducted in natural setting the sampling technique is the non probability sampling technique , and i have used convenience and quota sampling for this purpose ( see figure 1) The research is mixture of descriptive and exploratory research as it describes the factors affecting customer perception and exploratory as measures the magnitude and direction of relations between variables. The Research Objective This research is significant for Nestle as they can judge the perception of their customers and to judge how customer respond when company launches new variant, nestle can use it for analyzing the acceptability of iron added milk. It can also analyze the product life cycle stages and can make defensive strategies to maintain its position as a market leader like nestle this study is useful for any packaged milk company as it can use it for competitor analysis. Furthermore, any company who want to launch iron added milk in the market can use it for checking customer response and perception of customers. i will analyze the factors that make up customers perception; companies can work on those factors to make their products differentiated from the market. Data Preparation, Reduction and transformation: The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect customer perception leading towards purchase decision about Nestle Milkpak with Iron. We extracted some factors from literature review and used those factors in building questionnaire. The extracted factors are customer knowledge, quality, availability, price, promotion, packaging and positioning. These factors lead to customer perception which ultimately leads to the purchase decision of Milkpak with Iron. Each factor is used in multiple questions in order to extract result from different dimensions. For instance, customer perception is operationalised through questions 9 and 14 of the questionnaire. (See questionnaire in Appendix) Coneceptual Framework Detailed Framework Customer Perception Customer Sophistication Customer Knowledge Importance of Iron for body Milkpak Iron Brand Image Quality Packaging Purchase Decision Milk Benefits Promotion The independent variables are; Promotion, Packaging, Quality, Brand, Importance of Iron for body, Customer Sophistication, Benefits, Milk, Customer Knowledge, Milkpak. These variables can affect the level of intensity in the dependent variable Perception which ultimately leads towards another dependent variable i.e. Purchase Decision. The above variables are operationalized through questionnaire using different scales. The summary of operationalization is given below: Factors Question Numbers Operationalization Tools (Scales) Functionality Q14 Ordinal scale Price Q10 Ordinal scale Packaging Q11 Ordinal Scale Availability Q13 Ordinal Scale Benefits Q9 Ordinal Scale Brand recall Q4, Q5,Q6 Nominal Scale Milk and Milkpak usage Q2, Q3,Q7,Q8 Nominal Scale Purchase Q1, Q13 Nominal Scale For data collection i have approached members from three SECs (Socio-Economic Classes) who use milkpak with iron. i divided my samples in two age groups the young one between age of 16 to 30 and the aged group ranging from 30 to 45. The rationale behind selection of these two groups is their influence on Purchase decision. i approached individuals using milkpak with iron. The questionnaire i prepared contained the nominal and ordinal scales. Initial questions of questionnaire are about the usage, purchase pattern and brand recall. The scale used for this purpose is the nominal scale. The last consists of the question which is measured by Ordinal Scale. Analysis: i have made descriptive stats for analysis in the beginning .In the initial questions i have calculated the central tendency and frequencies to find how Milkpak with iron is positioned as well as to find purchase intention and retention level of its users. For the second half of our report i have used inferential statistics. i have stated our null and alternative hypothesis. Then i checked the level of significance and found the correlation between customer perception and individual factors which make up customer perception. (See our data sheet in annexure) Descriptive Statistics: My first question in survey is about the retail outlet. The rationale for including this question is that i can analyze from which SEC (A, B or C) and age group, the customer belongs. It can help companies to give better understanding from where the target market shops. Companies can apply better promotional techniques on those outlets to have a competitive edge. From the data given below i observed that my target market purchase milk from departmental and general stores. Purchase Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Departmental Store 5 27.8 27.8 27.8 Super Market 3 16.7 16.7 44.4 General Store 5 27.8 27.8 72.2 Retail Store 1 5.6 5.6 77.8 Pharmacy 4 22.2 22.2 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 Second and third question is about the average consumption of packaged milk and Milkpak consumption. These questions help the company to make distribution strategies according to the demand of SKUs Statistics consumption Consumption Of Milkpak N Valid 18 18 Missing 0 0 Mean 3.6111 2.6667 Consumption of Packaged Milk Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 Liter 4 22.2 22.2 22.2 1.5 Liter 3 16.7 16.7 38.9 2 Liters 7 38.9 38.9 77.8 Any other 4 22.2 22.2 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 Consumption of Milkpak Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1/2 Liters 5 27.8 27.8 27.8 1 Liter 6 33.3 33.3 61.1 2 Liters 4 22.2 22.2 83.3 Any other 3 16.7 16.7 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 From the above data i concluded that the average consumption of packaged milk is 3.6 and average consumption of Milkpak with iron is 2.66. Demand for packaged milk SKU is more for 2Liters pack and demand for 1Liter Milkpak pack is more than other SKUs. Question number 4, 5 and 6 are designed to test brand recall and evaluation of advertising campaigns of MilkPak with Iron compared to other brands. Question number 4 evaluates the likability of Ads of milkpak as compared to other brands, fifth question evaluates the add frequency and question number 6 evaluates brand recall. Likability of Ads: Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Olpers 11 61.1 61.1 61.1 Good Milk 1 5.6 5.6 66.7 Nestle Milkpak With iron 5 27.8 27.8 94.4 Any Other 1 5.6 5.6 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 Frequency of Ads Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Hala 1 5.6 5.6 5.6 Haleeb 1 5.6 5.6 11.1 Olpers 10 55.6 55.6 66.7 Good Milk 1 5.6 5.6 72.2 Nestle Milkpak With iron 4 22.2 22.2 94.4 Any Other 1 5.6 5.6 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 Brand Recall Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Today 1 5.6 5.6 5.6 Within Last 7 Days 9 50.0 50.0 55.6 Within this Month 4 22.2 22.2 77.8 More than a month Ago 4 22.2 22.2 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 From the above data i have analyzed that the likeability, Recall and Ad frequency of Nestle milkpak with iron is less than Olpers which is the direct competitor of Milkpak, but is more than other brands in the market. According to the table of brand Recall more than 50% of the respondents have seen the ad in the week the response is taken. Question 7 and 8 measure the usage of Milkpak compared to other brands. Question number 8 is more specific it measures the how many people use milkpak for other uses like for making desserts more than other brands Usage of MilkPak as compared to other brands Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Olpers 7 38.9 38.9 38.9 Good Milk 1 5.6 5.6 44.4 Nestle Milkpak With iron 8 44.4 44.4 88.9 Any Other 2 11.1 11.1 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 Usage of Milkpak for alternative purposes Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Haleeb 2 11.1 11.1 11.1 Olpers 4 22.2 22.2 33.3 Candia 1 5.6 5.6 38.9 Gourmet 1 5.6 5.6 44.4 Nurpur 1 5.6 5.6 50.0 Nestle Milkpak With iron 7 38.9 38.9 88.9 Any Other 2 11.1 11.1 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 From the data and charts given above i have inferred that people use Milkpak more than other brands either for dessert making or for taking milk. Frequency of Milkpak is more than other brands in both cases. Question 13 is about the purchase intention, recommendation and brand switching. For these questions yes is coded as 1, No as 2, dont know as 3. First table evaluates purchase intention. In this table 77% of the Respondents say that they will repurchase the brand. Second table describes that 72% of the Respondents will refer this brand to others. Third table describes the switching trend if respondents will not find this brand. This is alarming for the company that respondents may switch. Company should strive hard to increase its brand loyalty. Purchase Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 14 77.8 77.8 77.8 2 3 16.7 16.7 94.4 3 1 5.6 5.6 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 Refer Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1.00 13 72.2 72.2 72.2 2.00 3 16.7 16.7 88.9 3.00 2 11.1 11.1 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 Switching Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1.00 14 77.8 77.8 77.8 2.00 4 22.2 22.2 100.0 Total 18 100.0 100.0 Inferential Statistics: In this part i have found the correlation between customer perception and the factors which make up the customer perception. There are five factors which make up the customer perception which i have included in our research. These factors include functionality, price, promotion, availability and benefits. i have used SPSS for finding correlations. For interpretation two important aspects are magnitude and direction of correlation. Coefficient of correlation is the magnitude of correlation and sign of coefficient of correlation determines the direction of correlation. Method of Correlation and coefficient of correlation: my data is not normally distributed so i will use Kendalls tau-b Correlation coefficients range in value from -1 (a perfect negative relationship) and +1 (a perfect positive relationship). A value of 0 indicates no linear relationship Test of Significance: If the relationship is known in advance i can use one tailed but here i dont know the relation in advance so i will use two tailed Probabilities. Flag significant correlations: Correlation coefficients significant at the 0.05 level are identified with a single asterisk, and those significant at the 0.01 level are identified with two asterisks. The data sheet is given below. In this sheet i have included customer perception and factors affecting customer perception. Hypothesis Statement 1: H0 (Null Hypothesis): There is no relationship between customer perception and functionality. H1 (Alternative Hypothesis): There is a relationship between Customer Perception and Functionality. Nonparametric Correlations Functionality and perception: Functionality Perception Kendalls tau_b Functionality Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .431(*) Sig. (2-tailed) . .018 N 18 18 Perception Correlation Coefficient .431(*) 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .018 . N 18 18 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Interpretation: Magnitude: The correlation coefficient between functionality and customer perception is 0.431 which is nearly moderate. Direction: The sign with coefficient of correlation is positive which shows there is a direct relation between them which shows, as Functionality increases perception gets strong Significance: The significance level i defined was 0.05 and table shows the significance level of 0.018 which is less than 0.05 so i will reject our null hypothesis and will say that there is a positive relationship between Functionality and Perception. Hypothesis Statement 2: H0 (Null Hypothesis): There is no relationship between Customer Perception and Price. H1 (Alternative Hypothesis): There is relationship between customer perception and price Nonparametric Correlations Price and perception: Perception Price Kendalls tau_b Perception Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .628(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 N 18 18 Price Correlation Coefficient .628(**) 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . N 18 18 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Interpretation: Magnitude: The correlation coefficient between price and customer perception is 0.628 which is nearly moderate. Direction: The sign with coefficient of correlation is positive which shows there is a direct relation between them. As price increases people perceive, its quality is getting better. Significance: The significance level i defined was 0.01 and table shows the significance level of 0.00 which is less than 0.01 so i will reject my null hypothesis and will say that there is a positive correlation between Price and Perception. Price of Milkpak plays important role in its perception and positioning. Hypothesis Statement 3: H0 (Null Hypothesis): There is no a relationship between Customer Perception and Promotion. H1 (Alternative Hypothesis): There is a relationship between customer perception and promotion. Nonparametric Correlations Promotion and perception: Perception Promotion Kendalls tau_b Perception Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .415(*) Sig. (2-tailed) . .026 N 18 18 Promotion Correlation Coefficient .415(*) 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .026 . N 18 18 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Interpretation: Magnitude: The correlation coefficient between promotion and customer perception is 0.415 which is nearly moderate. Direction: The sign with coefficient of correlation is positive which shows there is a direct relation between them. As promotion increases perception of people get better. Significance: The significance level i defined was 0.05 and table shows the significance level of 0.026 which is less than 0.05 so i will reject our null hypothesis and will say that there is a positive correlation between Promotion and Perception. Hypothesis Statement 4: H0 (Null Hypothesis): There is no relationship between Customer Perception and availability. H1 (Alternative Hypothesis): There is a relationship between customer perception and availability. Nonparametric Correlations Availability and perception: Perception Availability Perception Kendalls tau_b Correlation 1 .572(*) .013 N 18 18 Availibility Kendalls tau_b Correlation .572(*) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .013 N 18 18 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Interpretation: Magnitude: The correlation coefficient between availability and customer perception is 0.572 which is nearly moderate. Direction: The sign with coefficient of correlation is positive which shows there is a direct relation between them. People perceive it as a good brand if its available in their locality or they find it on the stores from where they shop Significance: The significance level i defined was 0.05 and table shows the significance level of 0.013 which is less than 0.05 so i will reject my null hypothesis and will say that there is a positive correlation between availability and Perception. Hypothesis Statement 5: H0 (Null Hypothesis): There is no relationship between customer perception and Benefits. H1 (Alternative Hypothesis): There is a relationship between customer perception and benifits. Nonparametric Correlations Benefits and perception: Perception Benefits Kendalls tau_b Perception Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .669(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 N 18 18 Benefits Correlation Coefficient .669(**) 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . N 18 18 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Interpretation: Magnitude: The correlation coefficient between benefits and customer perception is 0.669 which is nearly moderate. Direction: The sign with coefficient of correlation is positive which shows there is a direct relation between them. As there are more benefits people perceive it as a better product. Significance: The significance level i defined was 0.01 and table shows the significance level of 0.00 which is less than 0.01 so i will reject our null hypothesis and will say that there is a positive correlation between Benefits and Perception. Findings This research is significant for Nestle as they can judge the perception of their customers. Data analysis has given outputs for the factors that were extracted from literature review and then measured through questionnaires. Following results are inferred from the data analysis: Mostly purchases are made from the departmental and general store. Mostly selling SKU of Milkpak is 1 liter while the average consumption of milk per day is 2 liters for most of the respondents. Most of the people like Olpers ad while Milkpaks ad likeability is at 2nd rank. The people, who are not a regular user of Milkpak, prefer Milkpak for desserts. The most important factor among all the independent factors that effect customer perception is Milkpak Benefits. Most of the respondents say that they will repurchase the brand. Most of the respondents say that they will refer this brand further to others. Most of the people are likely to switch in case of Milkpak unavailability. Explanation and Reflection The findings are based upon the following extracted facts: Most of the respondents buy Milkpak from departmental and general store which reflects that Nestle must give special attention to the availability of Milkpak in such stores. The mean usage of milk is 3.6 in which the consumption of Milkpak is 2.6. The average use of milk per day is 2 liters in which 1 liter is of Milkpak. The usage behaviour of Milkpak is 44.4% with frequency 8 as compared to Olpers (38.9% and 7 respectively). Milkpaks ad likeability is 27.8% with frequency of 5 (among respondents) as compared to Olpers likeability and frequency i.e. 61.1 and 11 respectively. The advertisement ratio of Milkpak is 22.2% with frequency 4 as compared to Olpers i.e. 55.6% and 10 respectively. Olpers, stepped into the market by launching a massive campaign featuring some of the biggest stars in Pakistan. Billboards went up at key locations in the major cities, and soon the brand had become a voice above the media clutter-a voice that differentiated Olpers brand from the others. This heavy media campaigning has led Olpers to position it strongly in the minds of customers and to grab market share within few years and is now the biggest competitors of Milkpak. Milkpak must take this position and promotion factor into account in order to retain its customers. 77% of the Respondents say that they will repurchase the brand which shows customer satisfaction and trust towards Milkpak. 72% respondents are willing to refer Milkpak to others which shows high recommendation rate and is beneficial for Milkpak. The only alarming statistics in purchase factor is its loyalty measure and intension to switch to other brands. 77% of the respondents are of the view that they will switch to other brand in case of unavailability. This vulnerability shows the lack of customer loyalty towards Milkpak and importance of distribution network for packaged milk brands. This problem can be coped by introducing customer loyality programs and better positioning strategies. Relationship of Factors with Customer Perception The magnitude of our all independent variables i.e. functionality, price, promotion, availability and benifits is 0.431, 0.628, 0.415, 0.572 and 0.669 respectively. The correlation range of all the factors with customer perception is moderate. The maximum magnitude is of benefits (0.669) which shows that the perception is affected through benefits the most. For instance, Milkpaks taste, purity, density and nutrition are the factors which the respondents prefer when they have to make decision about Milk and the data shows that most of the respondents are of the opinion that Milkpak provide all of these factors. The minimum magnitude is of promotion (0.415) which shows that Milkpaks advertisement is not that creative. They have to increase their promotional budget in order to position themselves more strongly as compared to the other brands. For instance, Olpers spend a lot on Below the Line (BTL) promotional activities for example, activities like reaching out to the different locations in various cities and having the housewives participate in learning and showcasing milk-based recipes which intends to create and maintain loyalty amongst the brands users. Milkpak must also adopt such promotional activites instead of traditional TV campaigning in order to increase the customer perception and loyalty regarding Nestle Milkpak brand. Limitations and Mistakes Following are the limitations of my report. Time Span People are reluctant to respond Access to data Cost (Paid Articles) Generalizability Lack of Expertise As it is a pilot study and I am not expert, i did not have idea that how i will relate the proposal with the original findings, i found number of lacking in my proposal, so to make it perfect, i had to make some changes in our research questions, conceptual framework and hypothesis as well and finally with come up with this report.

Morality and Destiny in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Morality and Destiny in Othello   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They are questions as old as civilization itself. Does man have control over his own destiny? Is man ultimately held accountable for his actions by a higher power? Within the plays of William Shakespeare can be found such fundamental questions and conflicts of humanity, as well as situations, attitudes, and problems that continue to hold strong universal meaning to this day. During his lifetime, morality was at the forefront of society's concerns. Outstanding men such as Newton, Copernicus, Bacon, and Locke were leading great advances in science and reason, and these new ways of thinking, combined with the need for order and religious stability provided the perfect foundation for the development of the morality-based style of writing which is especially evident in his powerful tragedies.    ..........Shakespeare's tragic heroes and villains have flaws which are synonymous with Christian sins. Greed, lust, envy, and jealousy are consistently among the issues that arise with these characters. The idea that improper dealings with such evil emotions must surely lead to a terrible fate is consistently demonstrated. Sylvan Barnet notes that after creating this world of certain consequences the author adds a special "twist" to his tragedy "for it insists that the good are rewarded and the bad are punished" (227). In William Shakespeare's classic tragedy, Othello, the playwright emphasizes the belief in man's inability to control his own destiny because of the actions of rivals, the emotional conflict within himself, and the moral guidance of the universe.    ..........From the onset of this tragic play, conflict begins to brew in the soul of the title character's ensign, Iago. ... ...use of the actions of rivals, the emotional conflict within himself, and the moral guidance of the universe. Introduction I......Iago plants the seeds of hate. .......A..... Iago plots against Othello. ......B......Others are affected by Iago's web of revenge. ......C......Coincidence and opportunities for deceit arise. II.....Emotional conflict brews within the minds of the characters. ......A......Othello struggles with trust and honor. ......B......Iago is a product of his own insecurities. ......C......Roderigo, Emelia, and Cassio fight their emotions. III....In a triumph of morality, God's justice prevails. .......A.....Desdemona dies an innocent death, and Othello commits suicide. .......B......Cassio's honor is reinstated. .......C. ....Iago declares his silence and realizes his punishment. Conclusion

Macbeths Numerous Atmospheres :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth's Numerous Atmospheres       The atmospheres in William Shakespeare's Macbeth are numerous, but begin as one surrealistic atmosphere initially with the witches' appearance at the outset. From there the atmosphere is incrementally added to regularly.    Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the atmosphere surrounding the play:    The state of sublime emotion into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn prelude with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which is to call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer read it in a book, when we have given up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses over seing, and come to see a man in his bodily shape before our eyes actually preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be true and impressive as I have witnessed it in Mr. K's performance of that part, the painful anxiety about the act, the natural longing to prevent it while it yet seems unperpetrated, the too close pressing semblance of reality,give a pain and an uneasiness [. . .]. (134)    D. F. Bratchell in Shakespearean Tragedy record's Charles Lamb's consideration of   Macbeth's atmosphere as essential to the purpose of the play:    For Lamb the essence of the tragedy in Macbeth lies in the poetically suggested atmosphere of horror and evil impulse, readily seized upon by the imagination of the perceptive reader, whereas stage representation concentrates the mind on the action. (133-34) Roger Warren comments in Shakespeare Survey 30 , regarding Trervor Nunn's direction of Macbeth at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1974-75, on opposing imagery used to support the opposing atmospheres of purity and black magic:    Much of the approach and detail was carried over, particularly the clash between religious purity and black magic. Purity was embodied by Duncan, very infirm (in 1974 he was blind), dressed in white and accompanied by church organ music, set against the black magic of the witches, who even chanted 'Double, double to the Dies Irae. (283) L.C. Knights in the essay "Macbeth" mentions equivocation, unreality and unnaturalness in the play - contributors to an atmosphere that may not be very realistic:    The equivocal nature of temptation, the commerce with phantoms consequent upon false choice, the resulting sense of unreality ("nothing is, but what is not"), which

Lets make the world a no clone zone :: essays research papers

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